The book deals with the propagation of electromagnetic waves along uniform waveguides. It is designed for graduate students of electrical engineering, photonics or physics and researchers active in these fields. The understanding of the phenomena associated with such propagation is essential for the design of devices and components used in all modern microwave and optical communication systems. One characteristic feature of most waveguides used in such systems is that the waveguides are inhomogeneously filled with a number of different isotropic or anisotropic media. Research papers published in in last four decades showed that this inhomogeneity substantially affects the way the electromagnetic field behaves in the neighbourhood of discontinuities present in all components. One particularly important effect which is not present in homogeneously filled structures is that some modes of propagation may have complex propagation factors even if the whole structure is lossless. These waves, known as the complex modes, are the least known phenomenon and despite the essential role which they play in the energy balance, they have been practically ignored in almost all text currently available on the market. This fact was the primary reason for writing this book. Another reason was that because of practically an infinite variety of waveguides, present books seldom treat the inhomogeneously filled waveguides by means other than numerical computations. Such computations usually give the results which are valid only for a limited class of structures and hence are difficult to apply to other configurations. The author felt that there was a need for a book describing the techniques which may be used for the investigation of possibly the largest class of waveguides. The book shows how operator formalism can be used to this end. Since most of the current designs use computer tools, the methods described in the book give a solid theoretical background which will allow a researcher or an engineer to assess the correctness and give the physical interpretation to results of computations.
The main focus of this book is a theoretical treatment of guided electromagnetic waves and an investigation of mode characteristics. The book is designed for graduate students of electrical engineering, photonics or physics and researchers active in these fields who want to better understand the nature of phenomena associated with propagation of modes in uniform structures consisting of isotropic and anisotropic materials. In contrast to other books devoted to the analysis of waveguides, this text concentrates primarily on guides with arbitrary inhomogeneous distribution of media. Such guides are characteristic of most contemporary electromagnetic systems which exploit the interaction of wave with matter and yet do not seem to have been adequately covered by the literature. The book is intended to elucidate the guided wave propagation phenomena and introduce useful analytical techniques that the reader can easily apply in solving practical problems. The text can also be used in teaching advanced graduate level courses. Throughout the text it is assumed that the readers are familiar with basic electromagnetic theory and the propagation in uniform hollow cylindrical waveguides (i.e. hollow conducting cylindrical tubes with a cross-section which does not vary along the propagation direction). The derivations are intentionally presented in full. The author believes that the derivations are extremely useful for students and scientists seeking to expand the repertoire of their analytical tools. The topics for the book and their exposition were chosen in such a way that they complement excellent classical texts of Collin, Felsen and Marcuvitz. The text covers the waves supported by lossy and lossless guides but the discussion is limited to the systems which do not radiate energy. Additionally, media are assumed to be linear and anisotropic. The book discusses the role of symmetries and anisotropy on the properties of guided waves and extensively investigates the orthogonality relations between modes as well as conservative properties of wave guiding phenomena. A unique topic treated in this book is complex waves. The complex waves are the modes existing in lossless waveguides which have complex propagation constants. Unlike other modes, these waves are not orthogonal and have to occur in pairs. This effect is possible because the electric field of one mode couples to the magnetic field of the other mode. Vast numerical and experimental evidence has been collected proving that complex modes permeate the dispersion characteristics of guides containing inhomogeneous media. Despite this fact, no monograph devoted to waveguide analysis has addressed this type of modes. This book attempts to fill this gap by putting complex waves in the centre of discussion. Not only is the set of mathematical conditions for the existence of complex waves provided and basic properties investigated but also the theory of complex mode formation is given. The theory allows one to predict the situation under which complex modes appear.
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